STATEMENT DC755-1
WHAT'S WRONG WITH THE FAITH MOVEMENT (Part One):
E. W. Kenyon and the Twelve Apostles of Another Gospel
by Hank Hanegraaff
What's wrong with the "Faith" movement? Its leaders include many of the most
popular television evangelists. Its adherents compose a large percentage of
charismatic evangelical Christians. Its emphases on faith, the authority of
the believer, and the absolute veracity of Scripture could appear to be just
what today's church needs. And yet, I am convinced that this movement poses
one of the greatest contemporary threats to orthodox Christianity from
within. Through it, cultic theology is being increasingly accepted as true
Christianity.
This article will highlight several serious problems with the Faith movement
by providing an overview of its major sources and leaders. Part Two will
focus on the movement's doctrinal deviations as represented by one of its
leading proponents.1
ITS DEBT TO NEW THOUGHT
It is important to note at the outset that the bulk of Faith theology can be
traced directly to the cultic teachings of New Thought metaphysics. Thus,
much of the theology of the Faith movement can also be found in such clearly
pseudo-Christian cults as Religious Science, Christian Science, and the
Unity School of Christianity.
Over a century before the Faith movement became a powerful force within the
Christian church, Phineas Parkhurst Quimby (1802-1866), the father of New
Thought, was popularizing the notion that sickness and suffering ultimately
have their origin in incorrect thinking.2 Quimby's followers held that man
could create his own reality through the power of positive affirmation
(confession).3 Metaphysical practitioners have long taught adherents to
visualize health and wealth, and then to affirm or confess them with their
mouths so that the intangible images may be transformed into tangible
realities.4
Although proponents of Faith theology have attempted to sanitize the
metaphysical concept of the "power of mind" by substituting in its stead the
"force of faith," for all practical purposes they have made a distinction
without a difference. New Thought writer Warren Felt Evans, for example,
wrote that "faith is the most intense form of mental action."5 In treating a
patient, Evans commented that "the effect of the suggestion [or positive
affirmation that the patient is well] is the result of the faith of the
subject, for it is always proportioned to the degree in which the patient
believes what you say" (emphasis in original).6 Likewise, H. Emilie Cady, a
well-known writer for Charles and Myrtle Fillmore's Unity School of
Christianity, explained that "our affirming, backed by faith, is the link
that connects our conscious human need with His power and supply."7 Cady
also claimed that "there is power in our word of faith to bring all good
things right into our everyday life."8 Such statements strongly indicate
that the distinction between the "mind" of metaphysics and the "faith" of
Faith theology is nothing but a figment of the imagination.
SUBSTANCE, STYLE, AND SCAMS
There is no denying that much of Faith theology is derived directly from
metaphysics. Some of the substance, style, and scams endemic to the
movement, however, can be traced primarily to the teachings and practices of
certain post-World War II faith healers and revivalists operating within
Pentecostal circles.9 With regard to substance, for example, both Kenneth
Copeland and Kenneth Hagin point to T. L. Osborn and William Branham as true
men of God who greatly influenced their lives and ministries. Of course,
Osborn himself has consistently followed E. W. Kenyon's (see below)
Scripture-twisting antics,10 and Branham has (among other things) denounced
the doctrine of the Trinity as coming directly from the Devil.11
Unfortunately, Hagin and Copeland are not alone in affirming Branham; Faith
proponent Benny Hinn gives him a hearty "thumbs up" as well.12 When it comes
to style, however, Hinn gravitates more toward such faith healers as Aimee
Semple McPherson and Kathryn Kuhlman. In addition, Hinn has given his
endorsement to notorious revivalist A. A. Allen,13 who was truly a huckster
if there ever was one - which brings us to our third "s," the scams.
Faith teachers such as Robert Tilton and his female counterpart, Marilyn
Hickey, have copied many of the scams pioneered by Pentecostal preachers
such as Oral Roberts and A. A. Allen. In fact, Tilton and Hickey have
managed to exceed even their predecessors' outrageous ploys. This is hard to
believe when one considers what sort of schemes they had to outdo.
Roberts, the reader may recall, is the man who claimed that Jesus appeared
and told him God had chosen him to find the cure for cancer. In a lengthy
appeal, Roberts avowed that the Lord told him, "I would not have had you and
your partners build the 20-story research tower unless I was going to give
you a plan that will attack cancer." Roberts then said that Jesus instructed
him to tell his partners that "this is not Oral Roberts asking for the money
but their Lord."14 (The project was completed, but has since been "shut down
and sold to a group of investors for commercial development."15 Not
surprisingly, no cure for cancer was ever found.)
In like fashion, A. A. Allen "scammed" his followers by asserting that he
could command God to "turn dollar bills into twenties."16 He was also known
to have urged his followers to send for his "prayer cloths anointed with the
Miracle Oil,"17 and he offered "Miracle tent shavings" as points of contact
for personal miracles.18 Allen even "launched a brief 'raise the dead'
program."19 Of course, it died.
Allen was eventually kicked out of the Assemblies of God denomination when
he jumped bail after being arrested for drunk driving.20 In 1970 he died
from what "news accounts report [as] sclerosis of the liver."21
As we proceed to examine the primary purveyors of Faith theology, we will
see living proof of the maxim that "error begets error and heresy begets
heresy." If, for example, one examines the cultic progression of E. W.
Kenyon's theology, one will discover that his original deviations from
orthodox Christianity were minor compared to those that characterized the
later stages of his ministry. And with each of Kenyon's successive
disciples, the errors become even more pronounced. Hagin, who popularized
and plagiarized Kenyon prolifically, not only expanded Kenyon's perversions
but added to them as well.22 The progression from bad to worse has continued
with people like Kenneth Copeland and Charles Capps, and is now reaching
heretical heights that are almost inconceivable through ministry leaders
like Frederick Price, Benny Hinn, and Robert Tilton.
THE CAST OF CHARACTERS
Twisted texts, make-believe miracles, and a counterfeit Christ are all
common denominators of the Faith movement's leading teachers. And, as all
who look into the matter will clearly see, it all began with the
metaphysical teachings of Essek William Kenyon.
Essek William Kenyon
Essek William Kenyon, whose life and ministry were enormously impacted by
such cults as Science of Mind, the Unity School of Christianity, Christian
Science, and New Thought metaphysics,23 is the true father of the modern-day
Faith movement. Many of the phrases popularized by present-day prosperity
preachers, such as "What I confess, I possess," were originally coined by
Kenyon. Kenneth Hagin, to whom we next turn our attention, plagiarized much
of Kenyon's work, including the statement, "Every man who has been 'born
again' is an Incarnation, and Christianity is a miracle. The believer is as
much an Incarnation as was Jesus of Nazareth."24
Kenneth E. Hagin
As I thoroughly demonstrate in my book Christianity in Crisis (Harvest
House, 1993), Kenneth Hagin takes Kenyon's theology from bad to worse. Not
only does he boast of alleged visits to heaven and hell, he recounts
numerous out-of-body experiences (OBEs) on the earth as well.
On one occasion, Hagin claims he was in the middle of a sermon when,
suddenly, he was transported back in time. He ended up in the back seat of a
car and watched as a young woman from his church committed adultery with the
driver. The entire experience lasted about fifteen minutes, after which
Hagin abruptly found himself back in church, summoning his parishioners to
prayer.25
Despite his propensity for telling tall tales and describing false visions,
virtually every major Faith teacher has been impacted by Hagin - including
such "luminaries" as Frederick K. C. Price and Kenneth Copeland.
Kenneth Copeland
Kenneth Copeland got his start in ministry as a direct result of memorizing
Hagin's messages. It wasn't long before he had learned enough from Hagin to
establish his own following. To say his teachings are heretical would be an
understatement - blasphemous is more like it. Copeland brashly pronounces
God to be the greatest failure of all time, boldly proclaims that "Satan
conquered Jesus on the Cross" (emphasis in original),26 and describes Christ
in hell as an "emaciated, poured out, little, wormy spirit."27
Yet, despite such statements, Benny Hinn ominously warned that "those who
attack Kenneth Copeland are attacking the very presence of God!"28
Benny Hinn
Benny Hinn is one of the fastest rising stars on the Faith circuit.
According to an October 5, 1992 article in Christianity Today, sales of his
books in the last year-and-a-half have exceeded those of James Dobson and
Charles Swindoll combined.29 While claiming to be "under the anointing,"
Hinn has uttered some of the most "off-the-wall" statements imaginable -
including the claim that the Holy Spirit revealed to him that women were
originally designed to give birth out of their sides.30
Hinn also admits to frequenting the graves of both Kathryn Kuhlman and Aimee
Semple McPherson to get the "anointing" from their bones.31 Despite his
outrageous antics, Hinn has somehow managed to gain wide acceptance and
visibility within the evangelical Christian church. His platform on the
Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN), as well as his promotion by a mainstream
Christian publisher (Thomas Nelson), have catapulted him into prime-time
visibility.
Whether Hinn is referring to his family history or his rendezvous with the
Holy Spirit, fantasy is often passed on as fact. A case in point are the
thousands of "documented" healings claimed by Hinn. Recently, he sent me
three examples - presumably, the cream of the crop - as proof of his
miracle-working power. One of the cases involved a man who was supposedly
healed of colon cancer. A medically naive person reading the pathology
report may well see the notation "no evidence of malignancy" and be duped
into thinking that a bona fide healing had indeed taken place. CRI's medical
consultant, Dr. Preston Simpson, however, was not fooled by the report. His
investigation revealed that the colon tumor in question was surgically
removed rather than miraculously healed. The other two cases had comparably
serious problems.32
Frederick K. C. Price
Fred Price is the most notable of a growing number of black prosperity
preachers. His church in Los Angeles now claims some 16,000 members. He is
seen nationally on television and has referred to himself as the "chief
exponent of Name It and Claim It."33 Price has added his own unique twists
to Faith theology by asserting that Jesus took on the nature of Satan prior
to the crucifixion34 and by claiming that the Lord's Prayer is not for
Christians today.35 Despite telling his followers that he doesn't allow
sickness in his home, Price's wife has been treated for cancer in her pelvic
area.36 Referring to his wealth, Price says the reason he drives a Rolls
Royce is that he is following in Jesus' steps.37
John Avanzini
John Avanzini is billed by his Faith peers as a recognized authority on
biblical economics. The truth, however, is that Avanzini is an authority on
perverting Scripture as a means to picking the pockets of the poor. He has
honed his craft into such an art form that when Faith teachers need money,
they inevitably call on "Brother John." Armed with a bag full of
Bible-twisting tricks, he tells the unsuspecting that "a greater than a
lottery has come. His name is Jesus!"38
According to Avanzini, if Jesus was rich, we should be rich as well. Thus,
he recasts Christ into a mirror image of himself - complete with designer
clothes, a big house, and a wealthy, well-financed advance team.39 Thinking
otherwise, Avanzini claims, will prevent Christians from reaping the
prosperity God has laid out for them.40
Avanzini runs the gamut from teaching people how to get their hands on the
"wealth of the wicked" to what might best be described as his "hundredfold
hoax."41 When it comes to fleecing God's people, few can match the
effectiveness of John Avanzini. There is an exception, however; his name is
Robert Tilton.
Robert Tilton
Robert Tilton hit the big time as a fisher of funds by developing a
religious infomercial called Success-N-Life. It all began when he traveled
to Hawaii to hear from the Lord. Says Tilton, "If I'm going to go to the
cross, I'm going to go in a pretty place. Not some dusty place like
Jerusalem. That's gravel is all that place is."42 While languishing in his
exotic wilderness, Tilton "realized his mission was to persuade the poor to
give what they could to him - as God's surrogate - so they too could be
blessed."43
Then, one day, Tilton tuned in to television and turned on to Dave Del
Dotto's real estate infomercials. The rest is history. Tilton used what he
saw as a prototype44 for building an empire that takes in as much as $65
million per year.45
It now appears that Tilton's ill-gotten gains may dwindle rapidly amid
reports of scandal and a variety of lawsuits.46 Responding to charges from
ABC's Prime Time Live that the prayer request letters he promises to pray
over end up in dumpsters, Tilton claims, "I laid on top of those prayer
requests so much that the chemicals actually got into my bloodstream, and .
.. . I had two small strokes in my brain."47
Marilyn Hickey
Marilyn Hickey, much like Tilton, employs a broad range of tactics to
manipulate followers into sending her money. Among her many ploys are
anointed prayer cloths, ceremonial breastplates, and ropes that can be used
as points of contact. In one of her appeal letters, Hickey promises she will
slip into a ceremonial breastplate, "press your prayer request to my heart,"
and "place your requests on my shoulders" - all for a suggested donation.48
For the most part, Hickey's tricks and teachings are recycled from other
prosperity peddlers like Tilton, Hagin, and Copeland. Her message is
peppered with such Faith jargon as "the God-kind of faith," "confession
brings possession," and "receiving follows giving."
Paul Yonggi Cho (David Cho)
Paul Yonggi Cho - pastor of the world's largest church, located in Seoul,
South Korea - claims to have received his call to preach from Jesus Christ
Himself, who supposedly appeared to him dressed like a fireman.49 Cho has
packaged his faith formulas under the label of "fourth dimensional power."50
He is well aware of his link to occultism, arguing that if Buddhists and
Yoga practitioners can accomplish their objectives through fourth
dimensional powers, then Christians should be able to accomplish much more
by using the same means.51 In case one is tempted to confuse the size of
Cho's following with the truth of his teachings, let me point out that the
Buddhist version of "name it and claim it" (Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism) has an
even larger following than does Cho.52
Cho recently made the news by changing his name from Paul to David. As Cho
tells the story, God showed him that Paul Cho had to die and David Cho was
to be resurrected in his place. According to Cho, God Himself came up with
his new name.53
Charles Capps
Charles Capps was ordained as a minister in the International Convention of
Faith Churches and Ministers by Kenneth Copeland and derived his teachings
directly from Kenneth Hagin. This unfortunate combination has led Capps to
make some of the most blasphemous statements in Faith lore. Capps has gone
so far as to teach that Jesus was the product of God's positive confession:
"This is the key to understanding the virgin birth. God's Word is full of
faith and spirit power. God spoke it. God transmitted that image to Mary.
She received the image inside of her....The embryo that was in Mary's womb
was nothing more than the Word of God....She conceived the Word of God."54
Capps not only preaches the blasphemous, he also preaches the ridiculous.
For example, he claims that if someone says, "I'm just dying to do that" or
"That just tickled me to death," their statements may literally come true
(i.e., they may die). According to Capps, this is precisely why the human
race now lives only about seventy years instead of 900 years, as was the
case with Adam.55
Jerry Savelle
Jerry Savelle has made his fortune by mimicking virtually all of the Faith
teachers mentioned above. His greatest claim to fame, however, may well be
his ability to mimic Kenneth Copeland. In fact, Savelle appears to be an
exact duplicate of Copeland. Savelle demonstrates a total lack of biblical
acumen, as he blindly regurgitates virtually every heresy in the Faith
movement.
With regard to health, Savelle boasts that sickness and disease cannot enter
his world.56 As for wealth, he says that words can speak your world into
existence.57 Savelle now peddles his books and tapes to thirty-six countries
at the astonishing rate of some 300,000 copies per year.
Morris Cerullo
Morris Cerullo claims that he gave up a driving ambition to be the governor
of New Jersey in order to become a minister of the gospel.58 He purports to
have first met God at the tender age of eight. Since then his life has been
one mind-blowing experience after another: he says he was taught by leading
rabbis;59 led out of a Jewish orphanage by two angelic beings;60 transported
to heaven for a face-to-face meeting with God;61 and told he would be
capable of revealing the future.62
On one occasion, Cerullo informed his audience, "You're not looking at
Morris Cerullo - you're looking at God. You're looking at Jesus."63 Not only
is Cerullo a master of make-believe, he is also a master of manipulation.
Claiming that God was directly speaking through him, Cerullo uttered, "Would
you surrender your pocketbooks unto Me, saith God, and let me be the Lord of
your pocketbooks....Yea, so be thou obedient unto my voice."64
Paul Crouch
Paul Crouch and his wife, Jan, are the founders of the Trinity Broadcasting
Network, which today has an estimated net worth of half a billion dollars.
As Crouch himself puts it, "God has, indeed, given us the MOST POWERFUL
VOICE in the history of the WORLD."65 Unfortunately, this voice is being
used to promote teachings straight from the kingdom of the cults. Crouch's
influence has become so vast that he can now raise as much as $50 million
during a single "Praise-a-Thon." What many of the well-intentioned
Christians who support TBN do not know, however, is that part of this money
goes to promoting cultic groups and individuals who not only deny the
Trinity but claim that this essential of Christianity is a pagan doctrine.66
It is indeed ironic that a broadcasting network called "Trinity" would
promote anti-Trinitarian doctrine.
To those who would speak out against the false teachings proliferated on his
network, Crouch has this to say: "I think they're damned and on their way to
hell; and I don't think there's any redemption for them."67 Shortly after I
met with Crouch to prove that the Faith movement compromises essential
Christian doctrine, Crouch looked into the lens of the television camera and
angrily declared, "If you want to criticize Ken Copeland for his preaching
on faith, or Dad Hagin, get out of my life! I don't even want to talk to you
or hear you. I don't want to see your ugly face. Get out of my face, in
Jesus' name."68
Sadly, Crouch refers to the Faith message as a "revival of truth . . .
restored by a few precious men."69
GENETIC DEFECT?
The Faith movement was spawned by the unholy marriage of 19th-century New
Thought metaphysics with the flamboyance and abuses of post-World War II
revivalism. It should therefore come as no surprise that its doctrine and
practices are palpably unbiblical. Yet, some charge that critics of the
movement are guilty of committing a logical error known as the genetic
fallacy - "that is, rejecting an assumption because of where it comes from
rather than disproving the argument."70
While the charge appears formidable, it is in fact defective. For it assumes
that the criticisms against the Faith movement are made primarily if not
solely on the basis of its historical roots. In truth, the bulk of critical
evaluations are leveled directly against the unbiblical teachings of the
movement's leading proponents today.71 Historical discussions have, for the
most part, served to place the phenomenon in its proper context.72
Now that we've dug up the roots and sampled the topsoil of the Faith
movement, we are ready to take a penetrating look at its ripened fruit. Part
Two of this article will do just that, by systematizing and critiquing the
theology of the movement's premier preacher of another gospel.
NOTES
1 This article is adapted from chapter two of my forthcoming book,
Christianity in Crisis (Harvest House). Part Two in this series will be an
article specially written for the CHRISTIAN RESEARCH JOURNAL.
2 See, for example, Phineas P. Quimby, quoted in The Quimby Manuscripts, ed.
Horatio W. Dresser (New Hyde Park, NY: University Books, 1969 [orig. 1921]),
32-35, 61, 165, 186, 279, 295. Quimby's writings in this book were taken
from his manuscripts dating between 1846 and 1865. Note the striking
parallel in Kenneth Hagin's remark: "It makes a great deal of difference
what one thinks....The reason they [sick people] are not getting healed is
that they are thinking wrong." (Kenneth E. Hagin, Right and Wrong Thinking
[Tulsa, OK: Kenneth Hagin Ministries, 1978], 19.)
3 New Thought writer Warren Felt Evans (1817-1889) is one such example. See
Charles S. Braden, Spirits in Rebellion (Dallas: Southern Methodist
University Press, 1970), 121-23.
4 See, for example, Claude Bristol, The Magic of Believing (New York:
Prentice-Hall, 1948), 122; H. Emilie Cady, Lessons in Truth (Unity Village,
MO: Unity Books, n.d.), 41:9, 43:17, 45:25, 46:31, 48:40-42, 51:6, 52:9,
53:11, 55:22, 57:32; Mary Baker Eddy, Science and Health with Key to the
Scriptures (Boston: The First Church of Christ, Scientist, 1971 [orig.
1875]), 376:21-27; Charles Fillmore, Prosperity (Lee's Summit, MO: Unity
Books, 1967), 103-4; and Ernest Holmes, How to Use the Science of Mind (New
York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1950), 39-45.
5 Warren Felt Evans, Mental Medicine: A Treatise on Medical Psychology, 15th
ed. (Boston: H. H. Carter & Co., 1873 [orig. 1885]), 152; quoted in Braden,
121.
6 Warren Felt Evans, Esoteric Christianity and Mental Therapeutics (Boston:
H. H. Carter & Karrick, 1886), 152; quoted in Braden, 122-23.
7 Cady, 56:30; cf. Holmes, 72, 78.
8 Cady, 52:8.
9 For a fine historical treatment of the healing revivalists, see David
Edwin Harrell, Jr., All Things Are Possible: The Healing and Charismatic
Revivals in Modern America (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press,
1975). A number of the healing revivalists' unsound teachings and practices
can be found in the ministries of their predecessors - most notably John
Alexander Dowie, Maria B. Woodworth-Etter, Smith Wigglesworth, F. F.
Bosworth, and Thomas Wyatt.
10 Osborn's indebtedness to both Kenyon and faith healer F. F. Bosworth
(another "Kenyonite") is mentioned in T. L. Osborn, Healing the Sick, 23d
ed. (Tulsa, OK: Osborn Foundation, 1959), 6, 203, 205. Cf. Richard M. Riss,
"Kenyon, Essek William," Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic
Movements, ed. Stanley Burges, Gary B. McGee, and Patrick H. Alexander
(Grand Rapids: Regency/Zondervan, 1988), 517; and Don Gossett and E. W.
Kenyon, The Power of the Positive Confession of God's Word (Blaine, WA: Don
& Joyce Gossett, 1979), 3.
11 William Marrion Branham, "Revelation Chapter Four #3 (Throne Of Mercy and
Judgment)" (Jeffersonville, IN: Voice of God Recordings, 1961), audio tape
#61-0108, side 2; cf. William Marrion Branham, Footprints on the Sands of
Time: The Autobiography of William Marrion Branham, Part Two
(Jeffersonville, IN: Spoken Word Publications, 1975), 606-7.
12 Benny Hinn, Praise the Lord (television program), Trinity Broadcasting
Network (TBN), 12 April 1991.
13 Benny Hinn, Praise the Lord, TBN, 16 April 1992.
14 Quoted in Russell Chandler, "Talked with Jesus, Evangelist Says," Los
Angeles Times, 3 February 1983, 3,16.
15 Clark Morphew, "What's to Become of Oral Roberts' City of Faith?" St.
Paul Pioneer Press, 27 June 1992; reprinted in The Christian News, 20 July
1992, 2.
16 A. A. Allen, The Secret to Scriptural Financial Success (Miracle Valley,
AZ: A. A. Allen Publications, 1953); quoted in Harrell, 75.
17 A. A. Allen, "Miracle Oil Flows at Camp Meeting," Miracle Magazine, June
1967, 6-7; quoted in Harrell,200.
18 Reported in "New Revival Tent Dedicated in Philadelphia," Miracle
Magazine, September 1967, 15; quoted in Harrell, 200.
19 See Harrell, 199.
20 Ibid., 70-71.
21 Ibid., 202. One writer describes Allen's cause of death as "cirrhosis" of
the liver (see Gary L. Ward, "Allen, Asa Alonzo," in J. Gordon Melton,
Religious Leaders of America [Detroit: Gale Research, 1991], 9).
22 See D. R. McConnell, A Different Gospel (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson
Publishers, 1988), 3-14.
23 See McConnell, 24-56.
24 E. W. Kenyon, The Father and His Family, 17th ed. (Lynnwood, WA: Kenyon's
Gospel Publishing Society, 1964), 100; cf. Kenneth E. Hagin, "The
Incarnation," The Word of Faith, December 1980, 14.
25 Kenneth E. Hagin, The Glory of God (Tulsa, OK: Kenneth Hagin Ministries,
1987), 13-15.
26 Kenneth Copeland, Holy Bible: Kenneth Copeland Reference Edition (Fort
Worth, TX: Kenneth Copeland Ministries, 1991), 129.
27 Kenneth Copeland, Believer's Voice of Victory (television program), TBN,
21 April 1991.
28 Benny Hinn, Benny Hinn (television program), TBN, 8 June 1992.
29 Randy Frame, "Same Old Benny Hinn, Critics Say," Christianity Today, 5
October 1992, 52.
30 Benny Hinn, "Our Position In Christ #5 - An Heir of God" (Orlando, FL:
Orlando Christian Center, 1990), audio tape #A031190-5, side 2.
31 Benny Hinn, "Double Portion Anointing, Part #3" (Orlando Christian
Center, n.d.), audio tape #A031791-3, sides 1 and 2. This sermon was also
aired on TBN (7 April 1991).
32 See the concluding section of my book, Christianity in Crisis.
33 Frederick K. C. Price, "Name It and Claim It! What Saith the WORD? . . ,"
Ever Increasing Faith Messenger, Summer 1989, 2.
34 Frederick K. C. Price, "Identification #3" (Inglewood, CA: Ever
Increasing Faith Ministries, 1980), audio tape #FP545, side 1.
35 Frederick K. C. Price, personal correspondence, 14 October 1992.
36 Pat Hays, "Betty Price Speaks at 1991 'Wisdom from Above' Luncheon," Ever
Increasing Faith Messenger, Winter 1992,12-13.
37 Frederick K. C. Price, Ever Increasing Faith (television program), TBN, 9
December 1990, available from Crenshaw Christian Center, Inglewood, CA
(audio tape #CR-A2).
38 John Avanzini, Praise-a-Thon (television program), TBN, April 1991.
39 John Avanzini, "Was Jesus Poor?" Believer's Voice of Victory, July/August
1991, 6-7; cf. Believer's Voice of Victory (television program), TBN, 20
January 1991, and Praise the Lord, TBN, 1 August 1989.
40 Avanzini, "Was Jesus Poor?" 6.
41 See, for example, John Avanzini, Praise-a-Thon, TBN, 5 November 1990.
According to the so-called hundredfold principle, those who financially
support the Faith teachers will get back 100 times the amount (a
hundredfold) of their original donation.
42 Scott Baradell, "Robert Tilton's Heart of Darkness," Dallas Observer, 6
February 1992, 19-20.
43 Ibid., 18.
44 Ibid., 13.
45 Nancy St. Pierre, "Tilton's Wife Tells of Finances," Dallas Morning News,
5 March 1992, 1A, 7A; and Terry Box, "Tax Appraiser Is Scrutinizing Tilton's
Church," Dallas Morning News, 22 March 1992, 1A. Cf. Trinity Foundation
(Dallas) release, "Does Word of Faith = Wheel of Fortune?" 9 December 1991;
and Terry Box, "Backers Think Tilton Will Endure," Dallas Morning News, 16
February 1992, 1A, 12A-13A.
46 At least two of these suits involve widows who have each filed a
$40-million claim against Tilton's healing ministry for sending letters
seeking donations and promising to heal their already-dead husbands (see
Risa Robert, "Tilton Sent Dead Man 'Personal' Mail," Tulsa Tribune, 27
February 1992, 7A; and Nancy St. Pierre, "2nd Widow Sues Tilton over
Letters," Dallas Morning News, 18 March 1992, 28A).
47 Robert Tilton, Success-N-Life, 22 November 1991. Tilton has also alleged
that the dumpster full of prayer requests found by ABC was actually planted
by enemies to discredit him (see Christopher Lee, "Tilton's Wife Defends
Ministry, Blasts TV Expose of Husband," Dallas Morning News, 25 November
1991, 1A, 12A).
48 Marilyn Hickey Ministries, direct-mail piece, on file.
49 Dwight J. Wilson, "Cho, Paul Yonggi," Dictionary of Pentecostal and
Charismatic Movements, 161.
50 According to Cho, the material world makes up the first three dimensions,
which is under the control of the fourth dimension - the spirit.
51 Paul Yonggi Cho, The Fourth Dimension, vol. 1 (South Plainfield, NJ:
Bridge Publishing, 1979), 37, 41.
52 See John Weldon, "Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism: Mystical Materialism for the
Masses," Christian Research Journal, Fall 1992, 8-13.
53 Paul Yonggi Cho interviewed by C. Peter Wagner, "Yonggi Cho Changes His
Name," Charisma & Christian Life, November 1992, 80.
54 Charles Capps, Dynamics of Faith and Confession (Tulsa, OK: Harrison
House, 1987), 86-87; cf. Charles Capps, Authority in Three Worlds (Tulsa,
OK: Harrison House, 1982), 76-85.
55 Charles Capps, The Tongue - A Creative Force (Tulsa, OK: Harrison House,
1976), 91.
56 Jerry Savelle, "Framing Your World with the Word of God, Part 1" (Fort
Worth, TX: Jerry Savelle Evangelistic Association, n.d.), tape #SS-36, side
1.
57 Ibid., side 2.
58 Morris Cerullo, The Miracle Book (San Diego: Morris Cerullo World
Evangelism, 1984), x.
59 "God's Faithful, Anointed Servant, Morris Cerullo" (promotional
literature, on file).
60 Cerullo, The Miracle Book, ix; and 7 Point Outreach - World Evangelism
and You (pamphlet), 4.
61 Cerullo, The Miracle Book, xi.
62 "God's Faithful, Anointed Servant, Morris Cerullo."
63 Morris Cerullo, "The Endtime Manifestation of the Sons of God" (San
Diego: Morris Cerullo World Evangelism, n.d.), tape 1, sides 1 and 2.
64 Morris Cerullo, "A Word from God at the Deeper Life World Conference,"
Deeper Life, March 1982, 15.
65 Paul Crouch, Praise the Lord (newsletter), July 1992, 1.
66 Crouch, for example, pays for and promotes people like Roy Blizzard and
Joseph Good, both of whom openly deny the Trinity. Crouch also gave his
staunch support to the United Pentecostal Church (UPC), a cult which claims
that the Trinity is a pagan doctrine (see Praise the Lord, TBN, 5 September
1991).
67 Paul Crouch, Praise-a-Thon, TBN, 2 April 1991.
68 Ibid.
69 Paul Crouch, Praise the Lord, TBN, 18 February 1986, rebroadcast on 6
August 1991.
70 William DeArteaga, Quenching the Spirit (Lake Mary, FL: Creation House,
1992), 230; cf. William DeArteaga, "Confusing the Roots with the Fruits,"
Ministries Today, July/August 1991, 56-62.
71 See, for example, Gordon D. Fee, The Disease of the Health and Wealth
Gospels (Beverly, MA: Frontline Publishing, 1985); Elliot Miller, Healing:
Does God Always Heal? (San Juan Capistrano: Christian Research Institute,
1979); Brian Onken, "The Atonement of Christ and the 'Faith' Message,"
Forward, 7:1 (1984), 1, 10-15; and Ken L. Sarles, "A Theological Evaluation
of the Prosperity Gospel," Bibliotheca Sacra, October-December 1986, 329-52.
72 See, for example, the Fall 1988 issue of the Trinity Journal, which was
devoted entirely to the "Health and Wealth Gospel." This, of course, is not
intended to minimize the importance of historical continuity when evaluating
theological systems.
This article first appeared in the Winter 1993 issue of the Christian
Research Journal.
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