/ Forside / Interesser / Fritid / Computerspil / Nyhedsindlæg
Login
Glemt dit kodeord?
Brugernavn

Kodeord


Reklame
Top 10 brugere
Computerspil
#NavnPoint
tedd 8528
mikael_ha.. 7820
refi 7305
Nordsted1 5883
ostemanden 4941
pallebhan.. 4708
HJV9222 4392
Klaudi 3460
miritdk 2521
10  Tri 2316
8=.ÀËÁ|¥xÆWªº¶À¬ê¿ü( Hwang Woo-Suk)ÁקK¥áÁ~
Fra : allport


Dato : 14-03-06 02:50




Áú­ºº¸¤j¾Ç¶À¬ê¿ü( Hwang Woo-Suk)±Ð±Â¨Æ¥ó¤¤,¦³¤@¥ó¨Æ«D±`­È±o²`¨è«ä¦Ò!
Phenomenon of Collective Nobel-Prize Paranoid vs Phenomenon of Nobel-Prize investment
Phenomenon:
1.the country do the legislative work for the researcher
2.support as much money as the researcher request
3.even deviation,to be patriotic,people take it as granted,
4.people donate everything the researcher need
5.people take it as a glory to serve the researcher,
even researcher commit crime,
the people protect the researcher with any excuse they can imagine
6.take the researcher as a national hero
7.to reveal the scandal, people would offend you in patriotic fervor
for the truth,to inspect,you must act as Sherlock Holmes,as cool as a cucumber,
perhaps you must prepare to sacrifice


--------------------------------------------------------------------------


Hwang Woo-Suk born 29,January 1953,Buyeo gun,Chungnam province, (South Korea)
a South Korean biomedical scientist.
He is a fan of the 17th century Italian physicist Galileo Galilei
Hwang commented :
"Galileo dared to take on the powerful church authorities of the day
to prove that the planets orbit the sun. At the risk of losing his life,
he was brave enough to make a stand for science."

Hwang first caught media attention in South Korea when he announced
he successfully created a cloned milk cow, in February 1999.
and In the year 2004, rose to international fame after claiming
a series of remarkable breakthroughs in the field of stem cell research,

World take him as:
1.one of the pioneering experts in the field of stem cell research

Korean people considered the researcher :
1.a national hero
2.a best candidate for Nobel Prize
3.Pride of Korea
organized a group "I love Hwang woo-suk" to support him

Goventment support him with state funds
1.annual stipend of US$ 3 millions and other research plan fee
From 1998 to 2005 up to US$ 39.9 million
2.the post office made a commemorative stamp on Hwang's research
3.make the bioethics law for Hwang Woo-Suk
4.launches the World Stem Cell Hub ,an international network

what's wrong with his research?
1.Hwang conspicuously failed to provide any supporting paper for the research,
Scientist can not find any data that can probe the validity of the research.
2.He denied coercing his researchers into donating eggs and claimed that he found out about the
situation only after it had occurred.He added that he had lied about the source of the eggs donated to
protect the privacy of his female researchers, and that he was not aware of the Declaration of Helsinki,
which clearly enumerates his actions as a breach of ethical conduct.
Evidence:
December 8, 2005. Hwang's claim of not having known about the donation of eggs by his own female
researchers was also denied by the panel; in fact, it was discovered that Hwang himself had distributed egg
donation consent forms to his researchers and personally escorted one to the MizMedi Hospital to take the egg
extraction procedure.
3.December 23,2005, Hwang apologized on that day and admitted he fabricated results
in stem-cell research .
4. On December 29, 2005, the university determined that all 11 of Hwang's stem cell lines were fabricated.
The university announced on January 10 ,2006 that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers on Science were both
fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct.

Why can this terrible thing keep that long time?
ie,How Hwang woo-suk protect himself?
1.revelation:On November 22, "PD Su-cheop" (Producer's Notebook), a popular MBC investigative reporting show,
raised the possibility of unethical conduct in the egg cell acquiring process.
defense:Despite the factual accuracy of the report, news media as well as people caught up in nationalistic
fervor in their unwavering support for Hwang asserted that criticism of Hwang's work was "unpatriotic,"
so much so that the major companies who were sponsoring the show immediately withdrew their support.
2. Hwang actively sought to establish every possible tie to political and economic institutions in the country.
Hwang especially tried to win favor from the Roh Moo-hyun government,
3.some lawmakers revealed that Hwang made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.

The description above is
the Phenomenon of Collective Nobel-Prize Hunger
and if they don't introspect they would become
Collective Nobel-Prize Paranoid
but they got the ability to introspect , and follow the pace of the world to become a developped country,
they said:
[Seong added:
"Researchers of our country were newly awakened to the fact that we have to take every precaution
to ensure we don't fall behind international ethics (guidelines) while researching." ]
they got the national confidence ,

What would happen in taiwan,a nation that feel inferior?
Let's think about the situation below :
IF: [
1.a Member of Academy Sinica who violated the human right ,
2.even more he commit crime,
3.he doesn't think the human norm should be followed,
4.he cooperated with the rascals to maliciously intrigue against a poor family to reach a situation
this situation just like
[the bruno bettelheim said :
the experience in dachau & buchenwald concentration camp]
Hannah Arendt said about the situation:
"the psyche (or character) can be destroyed even without the destruction of the physical man."
To survive the family have no choice,do the immoral thing.
5.the Member of Academy Sinica didn't feel sorry
6.he is a officer before,so he has good relation with the authority to cover the crime,
7.some colleague even do some terrible thing worse than the Huang-woo-suk
coercing his colleague to take the egg extraction procedure
]

What would happen in Taiwan?
'Patriotism,'
'Criticism of Member of Academy Sinica 's work was "unpatriotic," '
'The officers using every possible intrigues to blackmail the guy who revealed the facts '

What a country that's why people said 'an abnormal country'
no self-confidence,malicious intrigued people who is against them.
Collective Nobel-Prize Paranoid-
The old Member of Academy Sinica and the guy who intrigue
"tiger" <good999day2004@yahoo.com> wrote in message news:dsvc0l$bd1$1@netnews.hinet.net...
¬°¤FÁקK¥áÁy¥á¨ì°ê¥~¥h, ÁקK¥xÆWªº¦WÅA¨ü¨ì·l®`.
¤j®aÀ³¸Ó¥þ¤O°l¬d¦³¶À¬ê¿ü¼v¤lªº¬ã¨sªÌ,
¤×¨ä¬O¦ì©ó¥þ°ê¬ã¨s­«Âíªº¤¤¥¡¬ã¨s°|.
¦]¬°¥L­Ì¦ì°ªÅv­«, ¦b¨ü¨ì¹L¤Àªº´L­«¤§«á,¥i¯à§Ñ°O¬ã¨sªÌÀ³¨ã¦³ªººA«×,
Á¾µê,¦Óªí²{¥X¨g¦k¦Û¤j,¥H¦Ü©ó«D±`¥i¯à¹Hªk¶Ã¬ö.
§óÀ³³v¤@ÀË°Q¥L­Ìªº¬ã¨s­pµe¥H§K¥áÁy¥á¨ì°ê¥~¥h,
¹³¶À¬ê¿ü¨ÏÁú°êªº¦WÅA¨ü¨ì·l®`¤@¼Ë,¨Ï¥xÆWªº¬ì¾Ç¬É¦WÅA±½¦a.
¤£¹L, ¬Û«H¤j³¡¥÷ªº°|¤h¬O¦Û§Ú­n¨Dªº¤H, À³¸Ó¤£¦Ü©ó©M¦Û¤vªº¦WÅA¶}ª±¯º..
¥u¦³Ãö©óÂåÃĤ譱ªº­pµe,À³¸Ó¸Ô¥[¼f®Ö,¤£¥i¼Å­l¤F¨Æ!
¦]¬°ªø¤[¥H¨Ó,³o¬O¤@¶ôÂå¾Ç¼É¤O±»Å@,¤£©ö¹LÂo,¨ã¦³Ãe¤j§Q¯qªº°Ï°ì..
¾Ú»¡¦³°|¤h¦b³o¤@°Ï§êºt­ºº¸¤j¾Ç¶À¬ê¿ü( Hwang Woo-Suk)±Ð±Âªº¨¤¦â
¡u¹H¤ÏÂå¾Ç­Û²z¡v¡B¡u¹Hªk¡v¡B¡u»¡ÁÀ¡v,
¬Æ¦Ü©ó¶W¹L¯Çºéªº²Ê¼É§@¬°,
©úª¾¯È¥]¤£¦í¤õ,¬°¤F­Ó¤H¦WÅA,¸m°ê®a¦WÅA©ó¤£ÅU,
¬Æ¦Ü¬°«á¥N¬ã¨sªÌ°µ¿ù»~ªº¥Ü½d,¨ä¦M®`¬Æ¬°ÄY­«!
À³¸Ô¥[³B²z!
¦P®É¦³¥²­n´£­Ò¬ã¨s­Û²zªºÆ[©À,
¦b¥H±´¨D¯u²z¬°¥»µM¨Ï©Rªº¬ã¨sªÀ·|,
,¬ì¾Çªº¥»½è¬O¥H¥¿ª½©M¸Û¹ê¬°°ò¦¡A
¤£À³¹ï¬ì¾Ç¦¨ªG©ê«ù¹L«×ªº¤Û·Q, ¦Ó®ö¶O¤F¤H¤O©Mª«¤O¸ê·½¥h³Ð³yªwªj²{¶H
·s·s»D©P¥Z982´ÁPage90-91¶À¬ê¿ü»P¥LªºÅ¬«~¬ì¾Ç, ¼B¤h¥ÃÆ[ÂI§ó´£¨ì
[
¥Íª«¾Ç®aGould »{¬°¬ì¾Ç¯u²z²×¦³³Qµo²{ªº¤@¤Ñ,
¦ý¬O¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨sªÌÂ\Àú©óªÀ·|´Á«Ý,²z½×°²³]¥H¤Î«ÈÆ[¨Æ¹ê¤§¶¡,
¬O¦p¦óªº³Q°Ê»PµLª¾. ©Î³\¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨sªº²×·¥¥Øªº½T¹ê¦b©ó§e²{©Î§Q¥Î«ÈÆ[ªº¨Æ¹ê,
¦ý¬O¬ã¨sªÌ¦p¦ó¿ï¾Ü°²³],§Î¦¨²z½×,«h©¹©¹¨ü¨ì¾ãÅéªÀ·|´Á«Ý¥H¤Î¤å¤Æ°¾¨£°ª«×ªº¤zÂZ
]

¬ì¾Çªº¶i¨B¬Oª¾ÃѪº²Ö¿n.
·íª¾ÃѪº²Ö¿n,¨ì¤F¤@©wªºµ{«×.
¤ô¨ì´ë¦¨,¦ÛµMªá¸­­Z±K.
¤d¸U¤£¥i©M¯B¤h¼w½Í¥æ©ö,Ä묹¨}¤ß, ¯}Ãa­Û²z¹D¼w,°³­]§Uªø¥h°µ¬ã¨s,
¿ò¯ä¸U¦~!


"Puma" <good999day2004@yahoo.com> wrote in message news:drto7c$set$6@netnews.hinet.net...
¦b«nÁú­ºº¸¤j¾Ç¶À¬ê¿ü( Hwang Woo-Suk)±Ð±Â¨Æ¥ó¤¤
¶À¬ê¿ü( Hwang Woo-Suk)¥Hª÷¿ú¨ú±o¬ã¨s­ûªº§Z¤l¡A¯A¤Î¡u¹H¤ÏÂå¾Ç­Û²z¡v¡B¡u¹Hªk¡v
¡B¡u»¡ÁÀ¡v
1.[¶À¬ê¿ü( Hwang Woo-Suk)©Ò¥Çªº¿ù»~¬O·l®`¬ì¾Ç°ò¦ªºÄY­«¦æ¬°¡C ]
2.¡i¤j¬ö¤¸12¤ë23¤é³ø¾É¡j¡]¤¤¥¡ªÀ°OªÌ«¸»·¬Ã­ºº¸¤G¤Q¤T¤é±M¹q¡^
¿c­s´f«ü¥X[¯u¹ê©Ê¬O¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨sªº­«­n°ò¦¡A¶À¬ê¿ü±Ð±Â®º³y¬ã¨s¼Æ¾Úµ¥¡AÄY­«¹H¤Ï¬ì
¾Ç¬ã¨sªº°ò¥»­Û²z]

3.¡i¤¤µØ¤é³ø½sĶ¤¤¤ß¡þ¤Q¤@¤éºî¦X¥~¹q³ø¾É¡m2006/01/11 18:01¡n
­ºº¸¤j¾Ç®Õªø¡G¶À¬ê¿ü¾Ç³N¥Ç¸o±NÄY¼FÃg§Ù
«nÁú°ê¥ß­ºº¸¤j¾Ç®Õªø¾G¶³Àé«ü¥X¡A
a. ¦¹¦¸¶À¬ê¿ü±Ð±Â¨Æ¥ó¡A¦b¥H±´¨D¯u²z¬°¥»µM¨Ï©Rªº¤j¾ÇªÀ·|¬O¤@ºØ®Ú¥»´NµLªkÄÇ®¤ªº
¾Ç³N¥Ç¸o¦æ¬°.
b. **[¬ì¾Ç¬O¥H¥¿ª½©M¸Û¹ê¬°°ò¦¡A¤£À³¹ï¬ì¾Ç¦¨ªG©ê«ù¹L«×ªº¤Û·Q¡C
¦Ó®ö¶O¤F¤H¤O©Mª«¤O¸ê·½¥h³Ð³yªwªj²{¶H¡A¨­¬°¬ã¨sªÌ°È¥²®É®É¨è¨è²`²`¦Û§Ú¤Ï¬Ù¡C]** ¡j

ºî¦X·sµØªÀ¡B¤¤°ê¤é³ø³ø¹D2005-12-30 18:10:00 ¨Ó½Z
¶À¬ê¿ü( Hwang Woo-Suk)±Ð±Â¨Æ¥ó¤¤ , Áú°ê¤H¥Áªº¤ÏÀ³:
1. «nÁú¤Ñ¥D±Ð¼Ï¾÷¥D±Ðª÷¹Ø·Ø¿E°Ê¸¨²\¦a»¡¡A¡u³oÅýÁú°ê¤H¦b¥@¤H­±«e©ï¤£°_ÀY¡v¡C
¥þÁú°ê¤HÅå´j¶Ë¤ß¦aÀüµÛ¹qµø¤W¶À¬ê¿üªºÁy¡A¤£´±¬Û«H³o¬O¯uªº¡C
2. Áú°ê¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤j¾ÇÂå¾Ç°|±Ð±Â§d¤é«í»¡¡C
[ ³o¬OÁú°ê¬ì§Þ¬É´d«sªº¤@¤Ñ¡C]
¤ÏÆ[¥xÆW,³ºµM¦³¬ã¨sªÌ¬°¤FÀò±o¬ã¨s¹ï¶H,¤£±¤­¢®`¤@­Óµ½¨}ªº®a®x.
¬Æ¦Ü©ó¸C²´»¡½M¸Ü,«ü¤@­Ó¥¿±`¤HµLªk¬°¦Û¤v§@¥D,
³o¼Ë¤@­Ó¤H----->ªÉÅU¤Ñ²z, ¤H­Û,ªk«ß,ªÀ·|µ½¨}­·«U.
¤ñ¶À¬ê¿ü( Hwang Woo-Suk)§óÁV¿|!
³o­Ó¤H³ºµMÁÙ¬O¤@­Ó¦Ñ°|¤h!
³o»ò¦Ñ¤F,Á٥λêżÆSÅƪº¤â¬q§@¬ã¨s!
Åý¤H·Pı, ³o¼Ë¤@­Ó¤H¬O§_¸£µ¬¦³°ÝÃD?
Ãø¹D¨D¦W´N¥i¥HÄ묹­Û²z¹D¼w¶Ü?
¶·ª¾,©Ò¦³ªºÂå¾Ç¬ã¨s,³£À³¸Ó¥H±wªÌªº§Q¯q°µ²Ä¤@¦Ò¶q,
µy¦³¤£§Q©ó±wªÌ´NÀ³°±¤î.
§ó­«­nªº¬O§iª¾¦P·N,
¦pªG±o¤£¨ì´N¤£À³°õ¦æ.
°Z¥i­I¦aùØ,¥H´Û¿fªº¤â¬q,§â³Q¸ÕªÌ¦w¤W¤@­Óºë¯«¯fªº¼ÐÅÒ,
¨Ã±j­¢©Ò¿×ªººÊÅ@¤H¦P·N©O?
¨­¬°¬ã¨sªÌ³Ì­«­nªº¯S½è,¥¿ª½©M¸Û¹ê¦ó¦b?
½Ö´±¬Û«H¤@­Ó¤£¥¿ª½©M¸Û¹êªº¤H©Ò§@ªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªG©O?
§õ»·­õ°|ªøÀ³¸Ó¥X¨Ó²M²zªù¤á.
¦]¬°³oµ´«D­Ó®×,
¤w¸g¿n«D¦¨¬O,¿n­«Ãøªð¤F.
½Ð¬Ý¤¤°ê®É³ø2006¦~1¤ë23¤éA1ª©,¥H¤Î¤¤°ê®É³ø2006¦~1¤ë23¤éA10ª©.
¤¤¥¡¬ã¨s°|¥Íª«Âå¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò·Fªº¦n¨Æ----¥ý±Ù«á«µ
(Do they feel shameful? or unlucky to be noticed?)
©Ò¦³©M¬ã¨sªÌ¬ÛÃöªº¤H¤]À³¸Ó«i©óÁ|µo¤£ªk, ¦P¬y¦X¦Ã¬O³´®`¬ã¨s­û,
¨Ï¥Ç¿ùªÌ¹³¶À¬ê¿ü( Hwang Woo-Suk)¤@¼Ë¤£¥i¦¬¬B
¨Ï°ê®aªº¬ì§Þ°h¨B,ªÀ·|¥¢±æ,

½Ð¬Ý¤@¬Ý±d°·Âø»x
5 §]§Ü¥Í¯À¥i®ø°£­G¼ìºÅ§xÂZ¡A¿D¬wÂå¥Í®³¤U¿Õ¨©º¸¼ú [±d°·Âø»x86´Á,¤å¡D±i¾å¥c]
¡@¥H«e¡A¤@¯ë¤H³£»{¬°ºò±iªº¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡¬O®ø¤Æ©Ê¼ìºÅªº¥D¦]¡C¦ý¿D¬w¯f²z¾Ç®aµØ­Û»P

·L¥Íª«±Ð±Â°¨·²º¸¦b1982¦~¡A±q¯f¤H­G³¡¤Á¤ù°ö¾i¥X¤@ºØ²Óµß¡A°¨·²º¸¦Û¤vÁÙ§]¤U

¤@°ï¡AªGµM¥X²{µÈ®ð¡B¹Ã¦Rµ¥¸z­Gª¢¯gª¬¡Aº¸«áÃÒ¹ê¤K¦¨ªº­G¼ìºÅ¡B¤E¦¨ªº¤Q¤G«ü¸z¼ì

ºÅ³£¬O«ÕªùÁ³±Û±ìµß¦b§@©Ç¡C¨â¤H½l³y®ø¤ÆÂå¾Ç¬Éªñ¼Æ¤Q¦~³Ì­«¤jµo²{¤§¤@¡A

ºaÀò2005¦~¿Õ¨©º¸Âå¾Ç¼ú¡C

Âå¾Ç¼úªº¹|µü»¡¡G¡u«ô°¨·²º¸¡BµØ­Û¶}³Ð©Ê¤§½ç¡A®ø¤Æ©Ê¼ìºÅÅܦ¨¬O¤@ºØµu´Á¥iªv¡ªº¯e¯f¡C¡v



--------------------------------------------------------------------------

¥xÆW¤H¤@©w¤£§Æ±æ¿E°Ê¸¨²\¦a»¡,¡u³oÅý¥xÆW¤H¦b¥@¤H­±«e©ï¤£°_ÀY¡v

¥xÆW¤H¤@©w¤£§Æ±æ¥þ¥xÆW¤HÅå´j¶Ë¤ß¦aÀüµÛ¹qµø¤WªºÁy¡A¤£´±¬Û«H³o¬O¯uªº¡C

¥xÆW¤H¤@©w¤£§Æ±æ»¡ ["³o¬O¥xÆW¬ì§Þ¬É´d«sªº¤@¤Ñ¡C"]

§Æ±æ¹ï©ó¬ã¨sªÌ¦³©Ò±Ò¥Ü!

¤@­Ó°ê®aªÀ·|·Q­n¶i¨B, µ´¹ï¤£¯à¦³«ÂÅv¤ßºA, ©Ò¿×ªº¾Çªø¨î¥¿¬O³ÌÁV¿|ªº¥Ü½d.
¥¿½Tªº§@ªk¬OÁ¾µê, µêÃh­Y¨¦¤~¥i¯à±µ¨ü·sªº¨Æª«.

"leopard" <good999day2004@yahoo.com> wrote in message news:dr1l4o$lf6$4@netnews.hinet.net...
«nÁú­ºº¸¤j¾Ç¶À¬ê¿ü( Hwang Woo-Suk)±Ð±Â§@¤F¬Æ»ò?
¶À¬ê¿ü( Hwang Woo-Suk)¥Hª÷¿ú¨ú±o¬ã¨s­ûªº§Z¤l¡A¯A¤Î¡u¹H¤ÏÂå¾Ç­Û²z¡v¡B¡u¹Hªk¡v¡B¡u»¡ÁÀ¡v


¦³¤@­Ó°|¤h²Å¦X¥H¤Wªº±ø¥ó¡u¹H¤ÏÂå¾Ç­Û²z¡v¡B¡u¹Hªk¡v¡B¡u»¡ÁÀ¡v
³o¤@­Ó°|¤h
¥L¬OÀù¯gªº¬ã¨sªÌ
Å¥»¡¥L¬°¤F±o¨ì¨ü¸ÕªÌ
¨Ï¥ÎÀb¤HÅ¥»Dªº¤âªk³´®`¥L­Ì--------¡u¹H¤ÏÂå¾Ç­Û²z¡v¡B¡u¹Hªk¡v¡B¡u»¡ÁÀ¡v
¸Õ°Ý, ¤@­Ó¥¿±`¤H,³£¥i¥H³Q¥L[¸C²´»¡½M¸Üªº],¥HºØºØ¤â¬q»¡¦¨¬Oºë¯«¯f¤H----¡u¹H¤ÏÂå¾Ç­Û²z¡v¡B¡u¹Hªk¡v¡B¡u»¡ÁÀ¡v
³o­Ó°|¤h¯u¬O¤ñ¶À¬ê¿ü( Hwang Woo-Suk)¦³¹L¤§¦Ó¤£¤Î
¥u¬O¤£ª¾¥Lªº³ø§i¬O§_¯u¹ê
¥u¬O¤£ª¾¹D¥L¬O§_¥e¥Î¾Ç¥Íªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªG
¦U¦ìª¾¹D¥L¬O½Ö¶Ü?
"cougar" <dummycougarintheforest@yahoo.com> wrote in message news:dqtciv$jio$1@netnews.hinet.net...
¥xÆWªº¶À¬ê¿ü( Hwang Woo-Suk)¾Ú»¡¦í¦b¥x¥_¥« X X µóXX¸¹X¼Ó,
¬OMember of Academia Sinica .
¥L¹H¤Ï»®º¸¨¯°ò«Å¨¥ --«I¥Ç¨ü¸ÕªÌªºÅv¯q!
µ·²@¤]¤£­«µø¬ã¨s­Û²z,
¬Æ¦Ü©óÀ³¥Î¦aµl¬yª]­¢®`¨ü¸ÕªÌ,
¯u¬O´µ¤å±½¦a!
¥L¹ï¬ã¨s­Û²zªº³B²z¤è¦¡,¨Ï¨C¤@­Ó¬ã¨sªÌ»X²Û!
¬O¤@­Óªk¦è´µ¥D¸qªÌ,
¬O¶°¤¤Àç­h«Ý¥}¥ÇªºÂå¥Íªº¦A²{ !
¨ì©³«ç»ò¤F?
³o­Ó Member!
¯u·d¤£À´ !
³ºµMÁÙ¬OMember of Academia Sinica !
»®º¸¨¯°ò«Å¨¥
Initiated: 1964 17.C
Original: English
WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DECLARATION OF HELSINKI
Ethical Principles
for
Medical Research Involving Human Subjects
Adopted by the 18th WMA General Assembly
Helsinki, Finland, June 1964 and amended by the
29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975
35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983
41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989
48th WMA General Assembly, Somerset West, Republic of South Africa, October 1996
and the
52nd WMA General Assembly, Edinburgh, Scotland, October 2000
A. INTRODUCTION
1. The World Medical Association has developed the Declaration of Helsinki as a statement of
ethical principles to provide guidance to physicians and other participants in medical research
involving human subjects. Medical research involving human subjects includes research on
identifiable human material or identifiable data.
2. It is the duty of the physician to promote and safeguard the health of the people. The
physician¡¦s knowledge and conscience are dedicated to the fulfillment of this duty.
3. The Declaration of Geneva of the World Medical Association binds the physician with the
words, "The health of my patient will be my first consideration," and the International Code of
Medical Ethics declares that, "A physician shall act only in the patient's interest when providing
medical care which might have the effect of weakening the physical and mental condition of the
patient."
4. Medical progress is based on research which ultimately must rest in part on experimentation
involving human subjects.
5. In medical research on human subjects, considerations related to the well-being of the human
subject should take precedence over the interests of science and society.
6. The primary purpose of medical research involving human subjects is to improve prophylactic,
diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis
of disease. Even the best proven prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic methods must
17.C 2
continuously be challenged through research for their effectiveness, efficiency, accessibility and
quality.
7. In current medical practice and in medical research, most prophylactic, diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures involve risks and burdens.
8. Medical research is subject to ethical standards that promote respect for all human beings and
protect their health and rights. Some research populations are vulnerable and need special
protection. The particular needs of the economically and medically disadvantaged must be
recognized. Special attention is also required for those who cannot give or refuse consent for
themselves, for those who may be subject to giving consent under duress, for those who will
not benefit personally from the research and for those for whom the research is combined with
care.
9. Research Investigators should be aware of the ethical, legal and regulatory requirements for
research on human subjects in their own countries as well as applicable international
requirements. No national ethical, legal or regulatory requirement should be allowed to reduce
or eliminate any of the protections for human subjects set forth in this Declaration.

B. BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR ALL MEDICAL RESEARCH
10. It is the duty of the physician in medical research to protect the life, health, privacy, and dignity
of the human subject.
11. Medical research involving human subjects must conform to generally accepted scientific
principles, be based on a thorough knowledge of the scientific literature, other relevant sources
of information, and on adequate laboratory and, where appropriate, animal experimentation.
12. Appropriate caution must be exercised in the conduct of research which may affect the
environment, and the welfare of animals used for research must be respected.
13. The design and performance of each experimental procedure involving human subjects should
be clearly formulated in an experimental protocol. This protocol should be submitted for
consideration, comment, guidance, and where appropriate, approval to a specially appointed
ethical review committee, which must be independent of the investigator, the sponsor or any
other kind of undue influence. This independent committee should be in conformity with the
laws and regulations of the country in which the research experiment is performed. The
committee has the right to monitor ongoing trials. The researcher has the obligation to provide
monitoring information to the committee, especially any serious adverse events. The researcher
should also submit to the committee, for review, information regarding funding, sponsors,
institutional affiliations, other potential conflicts of interest and incentives for subjects.
14. The research protocol should always contain a statement of the ethical considerations involved
and should indicate that there is compliance with the principles enunciated in this Declaration.

17.C 3

15. Medical research involving human subjects should be conducted only by scientifically qualified
persons and under the supervision of a clinically competent medical person. The responsibility
for the human subject must always rest with a medically qualified person and never rest on the
subject of the research, even though the subject has given consent.
16. Every medical research project involving human subjects should be preceded by careful
assessment of predictable risks and burdens in comparison with foreseeable benefits to the
subject or to others. This does not preclude the participation of healthy volunteers in medical
research. The design of all studies should be publicly available.
17. Physicians should abstain from engaging in research projects involving human subjects unless
they are confident that the risks involved have been adequately assessed and can be
satisfactorily managed. Physicians should cease any investigation if the risks are found to
outweigh the potential benefits or if there is conclusive proof of positive and beneficial results.
18. Medical research involving human subjects should only be conducted if the importance of the
objective outweighs the inherent risks and burdens to the subject. This is especially important
when the human subjects are healthy volunteers.
19. Medical research is only justified if there is a reasonable likelihood that the populations in
which the research is carried out stand to benefit from the results of the research.
20. The subjects must be volunteers and informed participants in the research project.
21. The right of research subjects to safeguard their integrity must always be respected. Every
precaution should be taken to respect the privacy of the subject, the confidentiality of the
patient¡¦s information and to minimize the impact of the study on the subject's physical and
mental integrity and on the personality of the subject.
22. In any research on human beings, each potential subject must be adequately informed of the
aims, methods, sources of funding, any possible conflicts of interest, institutional affiliations of
the researcher, the anticipated benefits and potential risks of the study and the discomfort it
may entail. The subject should be informed of the right to abstain from participation in the
study or to withdraw consent to participate at any time without reprisal. After ensuring that the
subject has understood the information, the physician should then obtain the subject's freelygiven
informed consent, preferably in writing. If the consent cannot be obtained in writing, the
non-written consent must be formally documented and witnessed.
23. When obtaining informed consent for the research project the physician should be particularly
cautious if the subject is in a dependent relationship with the physician or may consent under
duress. In that case the informed consent should be obtained by a well-informed physician
who is not engaged in the investigation and who is completely independent of this relationship.
17.C 4
24. For a research subject who is legally incompetent, physically or mentally incapable of giving
consent or is a legally incompetent minor, the investigator must obtain informed consent from
the legally authorized representative in accordance with applicable law. These groups should
not be included in research unless the research is necessary to promote the health of the
population represented and this research cannot instead be performed on legally competent
persons.
25. When a subject deemed legally incompetent, such as a minor child, is able to give assent to
decisions about participation in research, the investigator must obtain that assent in addition to
the consent of the legally authorized representative.
26. Research on individuals from whom it is not possible to obtain consent, including proxy or
advance consent, should be done only if the physical/mental condition that prevents obtaining
informed consent is a necessary characteristic of the research population. The specific reasons
for involving research subjects with a condition that renders them unable to give informed
consent should be stated in the experimental protocol for consideration and approval of the
review committee. The protocol should state that consent to remain in the research should be
obtained as soon as possible from the individual or a legally authorized surrogate.
27. Both authors and publishers have ethical obligations. In publication of the results of research,
the investigators are obliged to preserve the accuracy of the results. Negative as well as
positive results should be published or otherwise publicly available. Sources of funding,
institutional affiliations and any possible conflicts of interest should be declared in the
publication. Reports of experimentation not in accordance with the principles laid down in this
Declaration should not be accepted for publication.

C. ADDITIONAL PRINCIPLES FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH COMBINED WITH MEDICAL CARE

28. The physician may combine medical research with medical care, only to the extent that the
research is justified by its potential prophylactic, diagnostic or therapeutic value. When medical
research is combined with medical care, additional standards apply to protect the patients who
are research subjects.
29. The benefits, risks, burdens and effectiveness of a new method should be tested against those
of the best current prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic methods. This does not exclude
the use of placebo, or no treatment, in studies where no proven prophylactic, diagnostic or
therapeutic method exists.
30. At the conclusion of the study, every patient entered into the study should be assured of access
to the best proven prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic methods identified by the study.
31. The physician should fully inform the patient which aspects of the care are related to the
research. The refusal of a patient to participate in a study must never interfere with
the patient physician relationship.
17.C 5
32. In the treatment of a patient, where proven prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic methods
do not exist or have been ineffective, the physician, with informed consent from the patient,
must be free to use unproven or new prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic measures, if in
the physician¡¦s judgement it offers hope of saving life, re-establishing health or alleviating
suffering. Where possible, these measures should be made the object of research, designed to
evaluate their safety and efficacy. In all cases, new information should be recorded and, where
appropriate, published. The other relevant guidelines of this Declaration should be followed.
¡± ¡± ¡±7.10.2000 09h14







 
 
Søg
Reklame
Statistik
Spørgsmål : 177552
Tips : 31968
Nyheder : 719565
Indlæg : 6408847
Brugere : 218887

Månedens bedste
Årets bedste
Sidste års bedste